Let $\mathbb{F}_q$ be a finite field of $q$ elements, for some prime power $q$, and let $G$ be a finite group. A (left) group code, or simply a $G$-code, is a (left) ideal of the group algebra $\mathbb{F}_q[G]$. In this paper, we provide a complete group-algebraic description for the Hermitian dual code of any $D_n$-code over $\mathbb{F}_{q^2}$, where $D_n$ is a dihedral group of order $2n$ with $n$ not divisible by $\operatorname{char}(\mathbb{F}_{q^2})$, through a suitable Wedderburn-Artin decomposition of the group algebra $\mathbb{F}_{q^2}[D_n]$, and we determine all distinct Hermitian self-orthogonal $D_n$-codes over $\mathbb{F}_{q^2}$. We also present a thorough representation of the Euclidean dual code of any $Q_n$-code over $\mathbb{F}_q$, where $Q_n$ is a generalised quaternion group of order $4n$ not divisible by $\operatorname{char}(\mathbb{F}_q)$, via the Wedderburn-Artin decomposition of the group algebra $\mathbb{F}_q[Q_n]$. In particular, since the semisimple group algebras $\mathbb{F}_{q^2}[Q_n]$ and $\mathbb{F}_{q^2}[D_{2n}]$ are isomorphic, then the Hermitian dual code of any $Q_n$-code has also been fully described. As an application of the Hermitian dualities computed, we give a systematic construction, via the structure of the group algebra, to obtain quantum error-correcting codes, and in fact, with this methodical approach, we recover some already known quantum codes that achieve the best known minimum distance for their length and dimension.

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