The rapid development of information and communications technology has enabled the use of digital-controlled and software-driven distributed energy resources (DERs) to improve the flexibility and efficiency of power supply, and support grid operations. However, this evolution also exposes geographically-dispersed DERs to cyber threats, including hardware and software vulnerabilities, communication issues, and personnel errors, etc. Therefore, enhancing the cyber-resiliency of DER-based smart grid - the ability to survive successful cyber intrusions - is becoming increasingly vital and has garnered significant attention from both industry and academia. In this survey, we aim to provide a systematical and comprehensive review regarding the cyber-resiliency enhancement (CRE) of DER-based smart grid. Firstly, an integrated threat modeling method is tailored for the hierarchical DER-based smart grid with special emphasis on vulnerability identification and impact analysis. Then, the defense-in-depth strategies encompassing prevention, detection, mitigation, and recovery are comprehensively surveyed, systematically classified, and rigorously compared. A CRE framework is subsequently proposed to incorporate the five key resiliency enablers. Finally, challenges and future directions are discussed in details. The overall aim of this survey is to demonstrate the development trend of CRE methods and motivate further efforts to improve the cyber-resiliency of DER-based smart grid.

翻译：信息与通信技术的快速发展使得采用数字控制和软件驱动的分布式能源成为可能，从而提升了供电灵活性与效率，并支持电网运行。然而，这一演进也使地理上分散的分布式能源面临网络威胁，包括硬件与软件漏洞、通信问题及人为失误等。因此，增强基于分布式能源的智能电网的网络弹性——即在成功遭受网络入侵后仍能生存的能力——正变得日益关键，并引起了工业界与学术界的广泛关注。本综述旨在系统且全面地梳理基于分布式能源的智能电网的网络弹性增强相关研究。首先，针对分层式分布式能源智能电网定制了一种集成威胁建模方法，特别强调漏洞识别与影响分析。随后，对涵盖预防、检测、缓解与恢复的纵深防御策略进行了全面调研、系统分类与严格比较。进而提出了一种网络弹性增强框架，整合了五项关键弹性使能要素。最后，详细讨论了挑战与未来方向。本综述的总体目标在于展示网络弹性增强方法的发展趋势，并激励进一步努力提升基于分布式能源的智能电网的网络弹性。