Driven by the vision of ubiquitous connectivity and wireless intelligence, the evolution of ultra-dense constellation-based satellite-integrated Internet is underway, now taking preliminary shape. Nevertheless, the entrenched institutional silos and limited, nonrenewable heterogeneous network resources leave current satellite systems struggling to accommodate the escalating demands of next-generation intelligent applications. In this context, the distributed satellite information networks (DSIN), exemplified by the cohesive clustered satellites system, have emerged as an innovative architecture, bridging information gaps across diverse satellite systems, such as communication, navigation, and remote sensing, and establishing a unified, open information network paradigm to support resilient space information services. This survey first provides a profound discussion about innovative network architectures of DSIN, encompassing distributed regenerative satellite network architecture, distributed satellite computing network architecture, and reconfigurable satellite formation flying, to enable flexible and scalable communication, computing and control. The DSIN faces challenges from network heterogeneity, unpredictable channel dynamics, sparse resources, and decentralized collaboration frameworks. To address these issues, a series of enabling technologies is identified, including channel modeling and estimation, cloud-native distributed MIMO cooperation, grant-free massive access, network routing, and the proper combination of all these diversity techniques. Furthermore, to heighten the overall resource efficiency, the cross-layer optimization techniques are further developed to meet upper-layer deterministic, adaptive and secure information services requirements. In addition, emerging research directions and new opportunities are highlighted on the way to achieving the DSIN vision.

翻译：在泛在连接与无线智能愿景的驱动下，基于超密集星座的卫星融合互联网演进正在进行，现已初具雏形。然而，根深蒂固的制度壁垒以及有限、不可再生的异构网络资源，使得当前卫星系统难以满足下一代智能应用日益增长的需求。在此背景下，以协同集群卫星系统为代表的分布式卫星信息网络（DSIN）作为一种创新架构应运而生，它弥合了通信、导航、遥感等不同卫星系统间的信息鸿沟，并建立了一个统一、开放的信息网络范式，以支持弹性的空间信息服务。本文首先深入探讨了DSIN的创新网络架构，包括分布式再生卫星网络架构、分布式卫星计算网络架构以及可重构卫星编队飞行，以实现灵活、可扩展的通信、计算与控制。DSIN面临着网络异构性、不可预测的信道动态性、资源稀疏性以及去中心化协作框架带来的挑战。为解决这些问题，本文识别了一系列使能技术，包括信道建模与估计、云原生分布式MIMO协作、免授权大规模接入、网络路由，以及所有这些多样性技术的恰当组合。此外，为提高整体资源效率，进一步发展了跨层优化技术，以满足上层确定性、自适应和安全的信息服务需求。最后，本文强调了在实现DSIN愿景的道路上，新兴的研究方向与新机遇。