Polarization arises when the underlying network connecting the members of a community or society becomes characterized by highly connected groups with weak inter-group connectivity. The increasing polarization, the strengthening of echo chambers, and the isolation caused by information filters in social networks are increasingly attracting the attention of researchers from different areas of knowledge such as computer science, economics, social and political sciences. This work presents an annotated review of network polarization measures and models used to handle the polarization. Several approaches for measuring polarization in graphs and networks were identified, including those based on homophily, modularity, random walks, and balance theory. The strategies used for reducing polarization include methods that propose edge or node editions (including insertions or deletions, as well as edge weight modifications), changes in social network design, or changes in the recommendation systems embedded in these networks.

翻译：当连接社区或社会成员的基础网络呈现为高度连接群体内部紧密而群体间连接薄弱的结构时，极化现象便随之产生。社交网络中日益加剧的极化现象、回音室的强化以及信息过滤器造成的隔离，正逐渐吸引计算机科学、经济学、社会科学和政治科学等不同领域研究者的关注。本文对用于处理极化问题的网络极化测量指标与模型进行了标注性综述。研究识别了多种图与网络极化测量方法，包括基于同质性、模块度、随机游走及平衡理论的方法。在消减极化的策略方面，现有方法涵盖边或节点编辑（包括增删操作及边权重调整）、社交网络设计变更，以及嵌入网络中的推荐系统改进。