We show that for all functions $t(n) \geq n$, every multitape Turing machine running in time $t$ can be simulated in space only $O(\sqrt{t \log t})$. This is a substantial improvement over Hopcroft, Paul, and Valiant's simulation of time $t$ in $O(t/\log t)$ space from 50 years ago [FOCS 1975, JACM 1977]. Among other results, our simulation implies that bounded fan-in circuits of size $s$ can be evaluated on any input in only $\sqrt{s} \cdot poly(\log s)$ space, and that there are explicit problems solvable in $O(n)$ space which require $n^{2-\varepsilon}$ time on a multitape Turing machine for all $\varepsilon > 0$, thereby making a little progress on the $P$ versus $PSPACE$ problem. Our simulation reduces the problem of simulating time-bounded multitape Turing machines to a series of implicitly-defined Tree Evaluation instances with nice parameters, leveraging the remarkable space-efficient algorithm for Tree Evaluation recently found by Cook and Mertz [STOC 2024].
翻译:我们证明,对于所有函数 $t(n) \geq n$,任何在时间 $t$ 内运行的多带图灵机都可在仅 $O(\sqrt{t \log t})$ 的空间内被模拟。这相较于 Hopcroft、Paul 和 Valiant 在 50 年前提出的在 $O(t/\log t)$ 空间内模拟时间 $t$ 的结果 [FOCS 1975, JACM 1977] 是一个实质性改进。在其他结果中,我们的模拟意味着大小为 $s$ 的有界扇入电路可在仅 $\sqrt{s} \cdot poly(\log s)$ 的空间内对任意输入求值,并且存在一些在 $O(n)$ 空间内可解的显式问题,在所有 $\varepsilon > 0$ 的情况下,这些问题在多带图灵机上需要 $n^{2-\varepsilon}$ 的时间,从而在 $P$ 与 $PSPACE$ 问题上取得了一点进展。我们的模拟将模拟时间有界多带图灵机的问题,通过利用 Cook 和 Mertz 最近发现的卓越的空间高效树求值算法 [STOC 2024],转化为一系列具有良好参数的隐式定义的树求值实例。