The complexity of automotive systems is increasing quickly due to the integration of novel functionalities such as assisted or autonomous driving. However, increasing complexity poses considerable challenges to the automotive supply chain since the continuous addition of new hardware and network cabling is not considered tenable. The availability of modern heterogeneous multi-processor chips represents a unique opportunity to reduce vehicle costs by integrating multiple functionalities into fewer Electronic Control Units (ECUs). In addition, the recent improvements in open-hardware technology allow to further reduce costs by avoiding lock-in solutions. This paper presents a mixed-criticality multi-OS architecture for automotive ECUs based on open hardware and open-source technologies. Safety-critical functionalities are executed by an AUTOSAR OS running on a RISC-V processor, while the Linux OS executes more advanced functionalities on a multi-core ARM CPU. Besides presenting the implemented stack and the communication infrastructure, this paper provides a quantitative gap analysis between an HW/SW optimized version of the RISC-V processor and a COTS Arm Cortex-R in terms of real-time features, confirming that RISC-V is a valuable candidate for running AUTOSAR Classic stacks of next-generation automotive MCUs.

翻译：汽车系统复杂性正飞速增长，这源于辅助驾驶或自动驾驶等新功能的集成。然而，持续增加新硬件与网络布线并不可行，导致复杂性提升给汽车供应链带来了严峻挑战。现代异构多处理器芯片的普及为将多种功能集成到更少的电子控制单元（ECU）中提供了独特机遇，从而降低车辆成本。此外，开放硬件技术的最新进展能够通过避免供应商锁定方案进一步削减成本。本文提出了一种基于开放硬件与开源技术的汽车ECU混合关键性多操作系统架构。安全关键性功能由运行于RISC-V处理器上的AUTOSAR操作系统执行，而Linux操作系统则在多核ARM CPU上运行更高级功能。除介绍已实现的软件栈与通信基础设施外，本文还对经过软硬件优化的RISC-V处理器与商用ARM Cortex-R处理器在实时性能方面进行了定量差距分析，证实了RISC-V是运行下一代汽车MCU中AUTOSAR Classic栈的可行候选方案。