In this study, we investigated gaze-based interaction methods within a virtual reality game with a visual search task with 52 participants. We compared four different interaction techniques: Selection by dwell time or confirmation of selection by head orientation, nodding or smooth pursuit eye movements. We evaluated both subjective and objective performance metrics, including NASA-TLX for subjective task load as well as time to find the correct targets and points achieved for objective analysis. The results showed significant differences between the interaction methods in terms of NASA TLX dimensions, time to find the right targets, and overall performance scores, suggesting differential effectiveness of gaze-based approaches in improving intuitive system communication. Interestingly, the results revealed gender-specific differences, suggesting interesting implications for the design of gaze-based interaction paradigms that are optimized for different user needs and preferences. These findings could help to develop more customized and effective gaze interaction systems that can improve accessibility and user satisfaction.

翻译：本研究在包含视觉搜索任务的虚拟现实游戏中，对52名参与者进行了视线交互方法的调查。我们比较了四种不同的交互技术：通过停留时间进行选择，或通过头部朝向、点头动作及平滑追踪眼动进行选择确认。我们同时评估了主观与客观性能指标，包括用于主观任务负荷的NASA-TLX量表，以及用于客观分析的寻找正确目标所需时间和获得分数。结果显示，不同交互方法在NASA-TLX各维度、寻找正确目标所需时间和总体性能得分方面存在显著差异，这表明不同视线交互方法在提升系统直观沟通效能方面具有不同效果。有趣的是，结果揭示了性别特异性差异，这为设计针对不同用户需求和偏好进行优化的视线交互范式提供了重要启示。这些发现有助于开发更具定制化和高效性的视线交互系统，从而提升可访问性与用户满意度。