In recent times, the prevalence of home NATs and the widespread implementation of Carrier-Grade NATs have posed significant challenges to various applications, particularly those relying on Peer-to-Peer communication. This paper addresses these issues by conducting a thorough review of related literature and exploring potential techniques to mitigate the problems. The literature review focuses on the disruptive effects of home NATs and CGNATs on application performance. Additionally, the study examines existing approaches used to alleviate these disruptions. Furthermore, this paper presents a comprehensive guide on how to puncture a NAT and facilitate direct communication between two peers behind any type of NAT. The techniques outlined in the guide are rigorously tested using a simple application running the IPv8 network overlay, along with their built-in NAT penetration procedures. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques, 5G communication is established between two phones using four different Dutch telephone carriers. The results indicate successful cross-connectivity with three out of the four carriers tested, showcasing the practical applicability of the suggested methods.

翻译：近年来，家庭NAT的普及以及运营商级NAT（CGNAT）的广泛部署给各类应用带来了显著挑战，尤其是依赖点对点通信的应用。本文通过系统梳理相关文献并探索缓解问题的潜在技术来应对这些问题。文献综述聚焦于家庭NAT和CGNAT对应用性能的干扰效应，同时考察了现有的缓解干扰方法。此外，本文提出了一份全面的指南，阐述如何穿透NAT并促进位于任意类型NAT后的两个对等端之间的直接通信。指南中概述的技术通过一个运行IPv8网络叠层的简单应用及其内置的NAT穿透程序进行了严格测试。为评估所提技术的有效性，在四个不同的荷兰电话运营商网络间，使用两部手机建立了5G通信。结果表明，在四个受测运营商中有三个成功实现了跨运营商连接，展示了所提方法的实际应用价值。