The Internet of Energy (IoE) is a distributed paradigm that leverages smart networks and distributed system technologies to enable decentralized energy systems. In contrast to the traditional centralized energy systems, distributed Energy Internet systems comprise multiple components and communication requirements that demand innovative technologies for decentralization, reliability, efficiency, and security. Recent advances in blockchain architectures, smart contracts, and distributed federated learning technologies have opened up new opportunities for realizing decentralized Energy Internet services. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis and classification of state-of-the-art solutions that employ blockchain, smart contracts, and federated learning for the IoE domains. Specifically, we identify four representative system models and discuss their key aspects. These models demonstrate the diverse ways in which blockchain, smart contracts, and federated learning can be integrated to support the main domains of IoE, namely distributed energy trading and sharing, smart microgrid energy networks, and electric and connected vehicle management. Furthermore, we provide a detailed comparison of the different levels of decentralization, the advantages of federated learning, and the benefits of using blockchain for the IoE systems. Additionally, we identify open issues and areas for future research for integrating federated learning and blockchain in the Internet of Energy domains.

翻译：能源互联网（IoE）是一种分布式范式，利用智能网络和分布式系统技术实现去中心化能源系统。与传统集中式能源系统相比，分布式能源互联网系统包含多个组件和通信需求，需要创新的技术来保证去中心化、可靠性、效率和安全性。近年来，区块链架构、智能合约和分布式联邦学习技术的进步为实现去中心化能源互联网服务带来了新的机遇。本文对能源互联网领域中采用区块链、智能合约和联邦学习的最先进解决方案进行了全面分析和分类。具体而言，我们识别了四种代表性的系统模型，并讨论了其关键方面。这些模型展示了区块链、智能合约和联邦学习在支持能源互联网主要领域（即分布式能源交易与共享、智能微电网能源网络以及电动与互联车辆管理）中的多种集成方式。此外，我们详细比较了不同的去中心化程度、联邦学习的优势以及区块链在能源互联网系统中的益处。同时，我们指出了在能源互联网领域集成联邦学习与区块链的开放性问题及未来研究方向。