Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) link transcription factor (TF) proteins to their target genes, yet reconstructing these networks from genome-wide data remains challenging under practical and methodological constraints. Many methods couple modeling assumptions to a specific inference procedure and rely on heuristic model selection, while evaluation is constrained by incomplete reference networks and point-estimate outputs that lack uncertainty. GRN reconstruction also depends on prior knowledge to constrain TF-gene interactions, yet available priors are often assay-dependent and difficult to transfer across species and less-characterized systems. In this thesis, we develop two complementary frameworks that address these limitations. In the first, PMF-GRN casts GRN inference as a probabilistic graphical model optimized by variational inference, enabling principled model selection and uncertainty-aware edge estimates. In the second, GLM-Prior addresses the prior bottleneck by fine-tuning the pretrained Nucleotide Transformer to predict TF-target gene interactions directly from nucleotide sequence, while generalizing across yeast, mouse, and human settings. Together, PMF-GRN and GLM-Prior motivate a dual-stage view of GRN reconstruction in which sequence-derived priors provide a transferable starting scaffold and probabilistic inference refines regulatory estimates with quantified uncertainty under incomplete evaluation resources.

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