Urban parks are important for public health, but the role of specific spaces, such as playgrounds or lakes, and elements, such as benches or sports equipment, in supporting well-being is not well understood. Based on expert input and a review of the literature, we defined six types of health-related activities: physical, mindfulness, nature appreciation, environmental, social, and cultural. We built a lexicon that links each activity to specific elements and spaces within parks present in OpenStreetMap. Using this data, we scored 23,477 parks across 35 cities worldwide based on their ability to support these activities. We found clear patterns: parks in North America focus more on physical activity, while those in Europe offer more chances to enjoy nature. Parks near city centers support health-promoting activities better than those farther out. Suburban parks in many cities lack the spaces and equipment needed for nature-based, social, and cultural activities. We also found large gaps in park quality between cities. Tokyo and Paris provide more equal access, while Copenhagen and Rio de Janeiro show sharp contrasts. These results can help cities create fairer parks that better support public health.

翻译：城市公园对公众健康至关重要，但特定空间（如游乐场或湖泊）及设施（如长椅或运动器材）在促进健康方面的作用尚未得到充分理解。基于专家意见和文献综述，我们定义了六类健康相关活动：体育锻炼、正念冥想、自然欣赏、环境互动、社交活动和文化体验。我们构建了一个词汇表，将每类活动与OpenStreetMap中记录的公园特定设施和空间相关联。利用这些数据，我们对全球35个城市的23,477个公园进行了评分，评估其支持这些活动的能力。研究发现明显规律：北美公园更侧重于体育活动，而欧洲公园提供更多亲近自然的机会。市中心附近的公园比偏远地区的公园更能支持健康促进活动。许多城市的郊区公园缺乏开展自然体验、社交和文化活动所需的空间与设施。我们还发现城市间公园质量存在巨大差异：东京和巴黎的公园资源分布较为均衡，而哥本哈根和里约热内卢则呈现显著反差。这些研究成果可帮助城市规划更公平、更能促进公众健康的公园体系。