We report assumption-free bounds for any contrast between the probabilities of the potential outcome under exposure and non-exposure when the confounders are missing not at random. We assume that the missingness mechanism is outcome-independent. We also report a sensitivity analysis method to complement our bounds.

翻译：本文报告了当混杂因素非随机缺失时，暴露与非暴露下潜在结果概率之间任意对比的无假设界限。我们假设缺失机制独立于结果变量。同时，我们提出了一种敏感性分析方法作为所获界限的补充。