To maintain a user's sense of agency (SoA) when working with a physical motor augmentation device, the actuation must align with the user's intentions. In experiments, this is often achieved using stimulus-response paradigms where the motor augmentation can be optimally timed. However, in the everyday world users primarily act at their own volition. We designed a closed-loop system for motor augmentation using an EEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI) to cue users' volitional finger tapping. Relying on the readiness potentials, the system autonomously cued the finger movement at the time of the intent to interact via electrical muscle stimulation (EMS). The prototype discriminated pre-movement from idle EEG segments with an average F1 score of 0.7. However, we found only weak evidence for a maintained SoA. Still, participants reported a higher level of control when working with the system instead of being passively moved.

翻译：在与物理运动增强设备协同工作时，为维持用户的代理感，设备驱动必须与用户意图保持一致。在实验中，这一目标通常通过刺激-响应范式实现，其中运动增强可被精确计时。然而，在日常场景中，用户主要依据自主意愿行动。我们设计了一种基于脑电图脑机接口的闭环运动增强系统，用以提示用户自主手指敲击动作。该系统依托准备电位，在用户产生交互意图时通过电肌肉刺激自主触发手指运动。原型系统区分运动前状态与静息态脑电图片段的平均F1分数为0.7。然而，我们仅发现微弱的证据表明代理感得以维持。尽管如此，参与者报告称相较于被动运动，使用该系统时获得了更高的控制感。