Here we examine how AI agent "personalities" interact with human personalities to shape human-AI collaboration and performance. In a large-scale, preregistered randomized experiment, we paired 1,258 participants with AI agents prompted to exhibit varying levels of the Big Five personality traits. These human-AI teams produced 7,266 display ads for a real think tank, which we evaluated using 1,168 independent human raters, and a field experiment on X that generated nearly 5 million impressions. We found that human and AI personalities individually shaped ad quality and teamwork and that human-AI personality pairings directly influenced ad quality and ad performance. For example, extraverted humans paired with conscientious AI produced the lowest quality ads, followed by conscientious humans paired with agreeable AI and neurotic humans paired with conscientious AI. In the field experiment, ad quality significantly influenced ad performance, measured by click-through rates and cost-per-click, and neurotic humans paired with neurotic AI achieved the highest click-through rates. Together, these results demonstrate that personality pairing can improve human-AI collaboration and performance. They also motivate future research on the complex implications of AI personalization for human-AI collaboration, teamwork and performance.

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