This work presents a systematic investigation of custom convolutional neural network architectures for satellite land use classification, achieving 97.23% test accuracy on the EuroSAT dataset without reliance on pre-trained models. Through three progressive architectural iterations (baseline: 94.30%, CBAM-enhanced: 95.98%, and balanced multi-task attention: 97.23%) we identify and address specific failure modes in satellite imagery classification. Our principal contribution is a novel balanced multi-task attention mechanism that combines Coordinate Attention for spatial feature extraction with Squeeze-Excitation blocks for spectral feature extraction, unified through a learnable fusion parameter. Experimental results demonstrate that this learnable parameter autonomously converges to alpha approximately 0.57, indicating near-equal importance of spatial and spectral modalities for satellite imagery. We employ progressive DropBlock regularization (5-20% by network depth) and class-balanced loss weighting to address overfitting and confusion pattern imbalance. The final 12-layer architecture achieves Cohen's Kappa of 0.9692 with all classes exceeding 94.46% accuracy, demonstrating confidence calibration with a 24.25% gap between correct and incorrect predictions. Our approach achieves performance within 1.34% of fine-tuned ResNet-50 (98.57%) while requiring no external data, validating the efficacy of systematic architectural design for domain-specific applications. Complete code, trained models, and evaluation scripts are publicly available.

翻译：本研究对用于卫星土地利用分类的定制卷积神经网络架构进行了系统性探索，在不依赖预训练模型的情况下，于EuroSAT数据集上取得了97.23%的测试准确率。通过三个渐进的架构迭代（基线：94.30%，CBAM增强：95.98%，以及平衡多任务注意力：97.23%），我们识别并解决了卫星图像分类中的特定失效模式。我们的主要贡献是一种新颖的平衡多任务注意力机制，该机制将用于空间特征提取的Coordinate Attention与用于光谱特征提取的Squeeze-Excitation模块相结合，并通过一个可学习的融合参数进行统一。实验结果表明，该可学习参数自主收敛至alpha约等于0.57，表明空间和光谱模态对于卫星图像具有近乎同等的重要性。我们采用了渐进式DropBlock正则化（按网络深度从5%到20%）和类别平衡损失加权，以应对过拟合和混淆模式不平衡问题。最终的12层架构实现了0.9692的Cohen's Kappa系数，所有类别的准确率均超过94.46%，并展现出置信度校准能力，正确与错误预测之间的差距达到24.25%。我们的方法在无需外部数据的情况下，达到了与微调ResNet-50（98.57%）相差仅1.34%的性能，验证了针对特定领域应用进行系统性架构设计的有效性。完整的代码、训练好的模型和评估脚本均已公开提供。