The integration of Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) into low-altitude airspace has led authorities to adopt distributed Uncrewed Traffic Management (UTM) architectures that ensure interoperability and safety. Blockchain has been proposed as an enabler for trustworthy coordination among UTM stakeholders. Yet, its real-time performance under aeronautical constraints remains insufficiently characterized. This paper presentes a quantitative benchmark comparing two regulation compliant distributed architectures: the federated InterUSS platform maintained by the Linux Foundation and a permissioned blockchain based on Hyperledger Fabric. Both systems were evaluated through Operational Intent Reference (OIR) registration work loads generated via Hyperledger Caliper, measuring throughput, latency, and transaction loss under loads up to 50 transactions per second. Results show that InterUSS sustained sub-second latency and stable performance up to 30 TPS. At the same time, Fabric exhibited exponential degradation with median latency exceeding 3 s and tail latencies above 15 s beyond that point. These findings demonstrate that blockchain-based architectures must be redesigned to meet aeronautical timing and scalability requirements, suggesting that hybrid models combining distributed ledgers for auditability with federated frameworks for real-time coordination are more suitable for future UTM deployments.

翻译：随着无人驾驶航空器（UAV）融入低空空域，监管机构已采用分布式无人交通管理（UTM）架构以确保互操作性与安全性。区块链技术被提议作为UTM利益相关方间可信协调的使能工具，但其在航空约束条件下的实时性能仍缺乏充分表征。本文通过定量基准测试比较了两种符合监管要求的分布式架构：由Linux基金会维护的联邦式InterUSS平台，以及基于Hyperledger Fabric的许可区块链。两套系统均通过Hyperledger Caliper生成的运行意图参考（OIR）注册工作负载进行评估，测量了在高达每秒50笔交易的负载下的吞吐量、延迟与交易丢失率。结果表明，InterUSS在30 TPS以内可维持亚秒级延迟与稳定性能；而Fabric在该负载点后呈现指数级性能退化，中位延迟超过3秒，尾部延迟高于15秒。这些发现表明，基于区块链的架构需重新设计以满足航空领域时序与可扩展性需求，同时暗示结合分布式账本（用于可审计性）与联邦框架（用于实时协调）的混合模型更适用于未来UTM部署。