Interactive intelligent agents are being integrated across society. Despite achieving human-like capabilities, humans' responses to these agents remain poorly understood, with research fragmented across disciplines. We conducted a first systematic synthesis comparing a range of psychological and behavioural responses in matched human-agent vs. human-human dyadic interactions. A total of 162 eligible studies (146 contributed to the meta-analysis; 468 effect sizes) were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, which integrated frequentist and Bayesian approaches. Our results indicate that individuals exhibited less prosocial behaviour and moral engagement when interacting with agents vs. humans. They attributed less agency and responsibility to agents, perceiving them as less competent, likeable, and socially present. In contrast, individuals' social alignment (i.e., alignment or adaptation of internal states and behaviours with partners), trust in partners, personal agency, task performance, and interaction experiences were generally comparable when interacting with agents vs. humans. We observed high effect-size heterogeneity for many subjective responses (i.e., social perceptions of partners, subjective trust, and interaction experiences), suggesting context-dependency of partner effects. By examining the characteristics of studies, participants, partners, interaction scenarios, and response measures, we also identified several moderators shaping partner effects. Overall, functional behaviours and interactive experiences with agents can resemble those with humans, whereas fundamental social attributions and moral/prosocial concerns lag in human-agent interactions. Agents are thus afforded instrumental value on par with humans but lack comparable intrinsic value, providing practical implications for agent design and regulation.

翻译：交互式智能体正被广泛应用于社会各领域。尽管这些智能体已具备类人能力，但人类对其的反应机制仍不明确，且相关研究分散于不同学科。本研究首次通过系统综述，对匹配条件下的人机二元交互与人际二元交互中的多种心理及行为反应进行比较。系统综述与元分析共纳入162项符合条件的研究（其中146项贡献于元分析；共468个效应量），并整合了频率学派与贝叶斯分析方法。结果表明：相较于与人类互动，个体在与智能体互动时表现出更少的亲社会行为与道德参与；个体赋予智能体的能动性与责任感知更低，认为其能力、好感度与社会临场感较弱。相比之下，个体在与智能体或人类互动时的社会对齐（即内在状态和行为与互动伙伴的协调适应）、对伙伴的信任、个人能动性、任务表现及互动体验总体相当。我们观察到许多主观反应（即对伙伴的社会感知、主观信任及互动体验）存在较高的效应量异质性，表明伙伴效应具有情境依赖性。通过考察研究特征、参与者特征、伙伴特征、交互情境及反应测量方式，我们还识别出若干调节伙伴效应的变量。总体而言，个体与智能体的功能性行为及互动体验可接近人际交互水平，但在社会归因与道德/亲社会关切方面仍存在差距。因此，智能体被赋予与人类相当的工具性价值，但缺乏可比的内在价值，这一发现为智能体设计与规制提供了实践启示。