The optimization of open-loop shallow geothermal systems, which includes both design and operational aspects, is an important research area aimed at improving their efficiency and sustainability and the effective management of groundwater as a shallow geothermal resource. This paper investigates various approaches to address optimization problems arising from such research questions. The identified optimization approaches are thoroughly analyzed based on criteria such as computational efficiency and applicability. Moreover, a novel classification scheme is introduced that categorizes the approaches according to the type of groundwater simulation model (numerical or simplified) and the optimization algorithm used (gradient-based or derivative-free). Finally, a comprehensive review of existing approaches is provided, highlighting their strengths and limitations and offering recommendations for both the use of existing approaches and the development of new ones in this field.

翻译：开环浅层地热系统的优化（涵盖设计与运行两方面）是提升其效率与可持续性、有效管理浅层地热资源——地下水——的重要研究领域。本文研究了应对此类研究问题中优化难题的多种方法。基于计算效率与适用性等标准，对所识别的优化方法进行了深入分析。此外，提出了一种新的分类方案，根据所使用的地下水模拟模型类型（数值模型或简化模型）及优化算法（基于梯度或免导数算法）对方法进行归类。最后，对现有方法进行了全面综述，突出其优势与局限，并为现有方法的应用及该领域新方法的开发提供了建议。