After over a century of internal combustion engines ruling the transport sector, electric vehicles appear to be on the verge of gaining traction due to a slew of advantages, including lower operating costs and lower CO2 emissions. By using the Vehicle-to-Grid (or Grid-to-Vehicle if Electric vehicles (EVs) are utilized as load) approach, EVs can operate as both a load and a source. Primary frequency regulation and congestion management are two essential characteristics of this technology that are added to an industrial microgrid. Industrial Microgrids are made up of different energy sources such as wind farms and PV farms, storage systems, and loads. EVs have gained a lot of interest as a technique for frequency management because of their ability to regulate quickly. Grid reliability depends on this quick reaction. Different contingency, state of charge of the electric vehicles, and a varying number of EVs in an EV fleet are considered in this work, and a proposed control scheme for frequency management is presented. This control scheme enables bidirectional power flow, allowing for primary frequency regulation during the various scenarios that an industrial microgrid may encounter over the course of a 24-h period. The presented controller will provide dependable frequency regulation support to the industrial microgrid during contingencies, as will be demonstrated by simulation results, achieving a more reliable system. However, simulation results will show that by increasing a number of the EVs in a fleet for the Vehicle-to-Grid approach, an industrial microgrid\'s frequency can be enhanced even further.

翻译：内燃机统治交通运输领域逾一个世纪后，电动汽车凭借运行成本低、二氧化碳排放量少等诸多优势正逐渐获得发展动力。通过采用车网互联技术（若电动汽车作为负载使用则为电网到车辆技术），电动汽车既可充当负载也可作为电源。该技术的两个核心特性——一次调频与拥塞管理——被引入工业微电网中。工业微电网由风电场、光伏电站等分布式能源、储能系统及负荷组成。电动汽车因其快速调节能力在频率管理领域备受关注，而电网可靠性正依赖于这种快速响应特性。本研究考虑不同暂态工况、电动汽车荷电状态及车队中电动汽车数量的动态变化，提出了一种面向频率管理的控制方案。该方案支持双向功率流动，可在工业微电网24小时运行周期内出现的各类场景中实现一次调频。仿真结果表明，所提控制器能在暂态工况下为工业微电网提供可靠的频率调节支持，从而提升系统可靠性。进一步仿真验证显示，通过增加车网互联模式下车队中电动汽车的数量，工业微电网的频率特性可得到进一步改善。