The benefits of artificial intelligence (AI) human partnerships-evaluating how AI agents enhance expert human performance-are increasingly studied. Though rarely evaluated in healthcare, an inverse approach is possible: AI benefiting from the support of an expert human agent. Here, we investigate both human-AI clinical partnership paradigms in the magnetic resonance imaging-guided characterisation of patients with brain tumours. We reveal that human-AI partnerships improve accuracy and metacognitive ability not only for radiologists supported by AI, but also for AI agents supported by radiologists. Moreover, the greatest patient benefit was evident with an AI agent supported by a human one. Synergistic improvements in agent accuracy, metacognitive performance, and inter-rater agreement suggest that AI can create more capable, confident, and consistent clinical agents, whether human or model-based. Our work suggests that the maximal value of AI in healthcare could emerge not from replacing human intelligence, but from AI agents that routinely leverage and amplify it.

翻译：人工智能（AI）与人类伙伴关系的益处——即评估AI智能体如何提升专家人类表现——正日益受到研究。尽管在医疗健康领域鲜有评估，但反向研究路径是可行的：AI可从专家人类智能体的支持中获益。本研究在脑肿瘤患者的磁共振成像引导表征任务中，同时探究了两种人机临床协作范式。我们发现，人机协作不仅提升了受AI支持的放射科医生的准确性与元认知能力，也提升了受放射科医生支持的AI智能体的性能。此外，当AI智能体获得人类智能体支持时，患者获益最为显著。智能体准确性、元认知表现及评估者间一致性的协同改善表明，无论是人类还是基于模型的智能体，AI都能创造出能力更强、信心更足且判断更一致的临床智能体。我们的工作提示，AI在医疗健康领域的最大价值可能并非源于取代人类智能，而是来自那些能够常规性利用并增强人类智能的AI智能体。