This paper surveys innovative protocols that enhance the programming functionality of the Bitcoin blockchain, a key part of the "Bitcoin Ecosystem." Bitcoin utilizes the Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) model and a stack-based script language for efficient peer-to-peer payments, but it faces limitations in programming capability and throughput. The 2021 Taproot upgrade introduced the Schnorr signature algorithm and P2TR transaction type, significantly improving Bitcoin's privacy and programming capabilities. This upgrade has led to the development of protocols like Ordinals, Atomicals, and BitVM, which enhance Bitcoin's programming functionality and enrich its ecosystem. We explore the technical aspects of the Taproot upgrade and examine Bitcoin Layer 1 protocols that leverage Taproot's features to program non-fungible tokens (NFTs) into transactions, including Ordinals and Atomicals, along with the fungible token standards BRC-20 and ARC-20. Additionally, we categorize certain Bitcoin ecosystem protocols as Layer 2 solutions similar to Ethereum's, analyzing their impact on Bitcoin's performance. By analyzing data from the Bitcoin blockchain, we gather metrics on block capacity, miner fees, and the growth of Taproot transactions. Our findings confirm the positive effects of these protocols on Bitcoin's mainnet, bridging gaps in the literature regarding Bitcoin's programming capabilities and ecosystem protocols and providing valuable insights for practitioners and researchers.

翻译：本文综述了增强比特币区块链编程功能的创新协议，这是“比特币生态系统”的关键组成部分。比特币采用未花费交易输出（UTXO）模型和基于堆栈的脚本语言以实现高效的点对点支付，但其编程能力和吞吐量存在局限。2021年的Taproot升级引入了Schnorr签名算法和P2TR交易类型，显著提升了比特币的隐私性和编程能力。此次升级推动了Ordinals、Atomicals和BitVM等协议的发展，这些协议增强了比特币的编程功能并丰富了其生态系统。我们探讨了Taproot升级的技术细节，并研究了利用Taproot特性在交易中编程非同质化代币（NFT）的比特币Layer 1协议，包括Ordinals和Atomicals，以及同质化代币标准BRC-20和ARC-20。此外，我们将比特币生态系统中的某些协议归类为类似于以太坊的Layer 2解决方案，分析了它们对比特币性能的影响。通过分析比特币区块链的数据，我们收集了关于区块容量、矿工费用和Taproot交易增长的指标。我们的研究结果证实了这些协议对比特币主网的积极影响，填补了关于比特币编程能力和生态系统协议的文献空白，并为从业者和研究人员提供了有价值的见解。