This paper introduces a novel set of benchmark problems aimed at advancing research in both single and multi-objective optimization, with a specific focus on the design of human-powered aircraft. These benchmark problems are unique in that they incorporate real-world design considerations such as fluid dynamics and material mechanics, providing a more realistic simulation of engineering design optimization. We propose three difficulty levels and a wing segmentation parameter in these problems, allowing for scalable complexity to suit various research needs. The problems are designed to be computationally reasonable, ensuring short evaluation times, while still capturing the moderate multimodality of engineering design problems. Our extensive experiments using popular evolutionary algorithms for multi-objective problems demonstrate that the proposed benchmarks effectively replicate the diverse Pareto front shapes observed in real-world problems, including convex, linear, concave, and inverted triangular forms. The benchmark problems' source codes are publicly available for wider application in the optimization research community.

翻译：本文提出一组新颖的基准测试问题，旨在推进单目标和多目标优化领域的研究，特别聚焦于人力飞行器设计。这些基准问题独特之处在于融合了流体动力学与材料力学等真实设计考量，为工程设计优化提供了更贴近实际的模拟。我们在问题中设定了三个难度等级与机翼分段参数，通过可扩展的复杂度满足不同研究需求。这些问题在设计上兼顾计算合理性——确保评估时间短，同时保留工程设计问题适度的多模态特性。基于流行多目标进化算法的广泛实验表明，所提基准能有效复现真实问题中观测到的多样帕累托前沿形态，包括凸形、线性、凹形及倒三角形式。该基准问题的源代码已公开，可供优化研究领域广泛使用。