With the proliferation of decentralized applications (DApps), the conflict between the transparency of blockchain technology and user data privacy has become increasingly prominent. While Decentralized Identity (DID) and Verifiable Credentials (VCs) provide a standardized framework for user data sovereignty, achieving trusted identity verification and data sharing without compromising privacy remains a significant challenge. This paper proposes a novel, comprehensive framework that integrates DIDs and VCs with efficient Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) schemes to address this core issue. The key contributions of this framework are threefold: first, it constructs a set of strong privacy-preserving protocols based on zk-STARKs, allowing users to prove that their credentials satisfy specific conditions (e.g., "age is over 18") without revealing any underlying sensitive data. Second, it designs a scalable, privacy-preserving credential revocation mechanism based on cryptographic accumulators, effectively solving credential management challenges in large-scale scenarios. Finally, it integrates a practical social key recovery scheme, significantly enhancing system usability and security. Through a prototype implementation and performance evaluation, this paper quantitatively analyzes the framework's performance in terms of proof generation time, verification overhead, and on-chain costs. Compared to existing state-of-the-art systems based on zk-SNARKs, our framework, at the cost of a larger proof size, significantly improves prover efficiency for complex computations and provides stronger security guarantees, including no trusted setup and post-quantum security. Finally, a case study in the decentralized finance (DeFi) credit scoring scenario demonstrates the framework's immense potential for unlocking capital efficiency and fostering a trusted data economy.

翻译：随着去中心化应用（DApps）的普及，区块链技术的透明性与用户数据隐私之间的冲突日益凸显。尽管去中心化身份（DID）与可验证凭证（VCs）为用户数据主权提供了标准化框架，但在不损害隐私的前提下实现可信的身份验证与数据共享仍是一个重大挑战。本文提出了一种新颖、全面的框架，将DID、VCs与高效的零知识证明（ZKP）方案相结合，以解决这一核心问题。该框架的关键贡献有三方面：首先，它基于zk-STARKs构建了一套强隐私保护协议，允许用户证明其凭证满足特定条件（例如“年龄大于18岁”）而无需泄露任何底层敏感数据。其次，它设计了一种基于密码学累加器的可扩展隐私保护凭证撤销机制，有效解决了大规模场景下的凭证管理难题。最后，它集成了一种实用的社交密钥恢复方案，显著提升了系统的可用性与安全性。通过原型实现与性能评估，本文定量分析了该框架在证明生成时间、验证开销及链上成本方面的性能。与现有基于zk-SNARKs的最先进系统相比，我们的框架以更大的证明尺寸为代价，显著提升了复杂计算场景下证明方的效率，并提供了更强的安全保障，包括无需可信设置与后量子安全性。最后，通过去中心化金融（DeFi）信用评分场景的案例研究，展示了该框架在释放资本效率与培育可信数据经济方面的巨大潜力。