This study evaluates the accuracy of three different types of time-of-flight sensors to measure distance. We envision the possible use of these sensors to localize swarms of flying light specks (FLSs) to illuminate objects and avatars of a metaverse. An FLS is a miniature-sized drone configured with RGB light sources. It is unable to illuminate a point cloud by itself. However, the inter-FLS relationship effect of an organizational framework will compensate for the simplicity of each individual FLS, enabling a swarm of cooperating FLSs to illuminate complex shapes and render haptic interactions. Distance between FLSs is an important criterion of the inter-FLS relationship. We consider sensors that use radio frequency (UWB), infrared light (IR), and sound (ultrasonic) to quantify this metric. Obtained results show only one sensor is able to measure distances as small as 1 cm with a high accuracy. A sensor may require a calibration process that impacts its accuracy in measuring distance.

翻译：本研究评估了三种不同类型飞行时间传感器在距离测量中的精度。我们设想将这些传感器用于定位飞光微粒（FLS）群，以在元宇宙中照明物体和虚拟化身。飞光微粒是一种配置RGB光源的微型无人机，其自身无法实现点云照明。然而，组织框架中的微粒间关系效应可弥补单个FLS的简单性，使协作的FLS群能够照明复杂形状并呈现触觉交互。FLS间的距离是微粒间关系的重要标准。我们分别采用射频（UWB）、红外光（IR）和声波（超声波）三种传感器来量化该指标。实验结果表明，仅有一种传感器能以高精度测量小至1厘米的距离。传感器可能需要校准过程，这会显著影响其距离测量精度。