This paper provides a comprehensive literature review on the belief in false information, including misinformation, disinformation, and fake information. It addresses the increasing societal concern regarding false information, which is fueled by technological progress, especially advancements in artificial intelligence. This review systematically identifies and categorizes factors that influence the belief in false information. The review identifies 24 influence factors grouped into six main categories: demographic factors, personality traits, psychological factors, policy and values, media consumption, and preventive factors. Key findings highlight that lower education levels, high extraversion, low agreeableness, high neuroticism, and low cognitive reflection significantly increase belief in false information. The effectiveness of preventive strategies like labeling false information and promoting reflection about correctness is also discussed. This literature review conceptualizes belief in false information as a human-centered security risk in sociotechnical systems, as it can be exploited to manipulate decisions, undermine trust, and increase susceptibility to social engineering. It aims to inform preventive strategies that strengthen socio-technical security and societal resilience.

翻译：本文对虚假信息（包括错误信息、虚假信息和伪造信息）的信念进行了全面的文献综述。文章探讨了技术进步，特别是人工智能的发展所加剧的日益增长的社会对虚假信息的担忧。本综述系统地识别并分类了影响虚假信息信念的因素，共识别出24个影响因素，并将其归纳为六个主要类别：人口统计学因素、人格特质、心理因素、政策与价值观、媒体消费以及预防性因素。关键发现强调，较低的教育水平、高外向性、低宜人性、高神经质以及低认知反思能力会显著增加对虚假信息的信念。文章还讨论了诸如标记虚假信息和促进对正确性的反思等预防策略的有效性。本文献综述将虚假信息信念概念化为社会技术系统中一种以人为中心的安全风险，因为它可被利用来操纵决策、破坏信任并增加对社会工程攻击的易感性。其目的在于为加强社会技术安全和社会韧性的预防策略提供参考。