In solo research, scientists compete individually for prestige, sending clear signals about their research ability, avoiding problems in credit allocation, and reducing conflicts about authorship. We examine to what extent male and female scientists differ in their use of solo publishing across various dimensions. This research is the first to comprehensively study the 'gender solo research gap' among all internationally visible scientists within a whole national higher education system. We examine the gap through 'individual publication portfolios' constructed for each Polish university professor. We use the practical significance/statistical significance difference (based on the effect-size r coefficient) and our analyses indicate that while some gender differences are statistically significant, they have no practical significance. Using a partial effects of fractional logistic regression approach, we estimate the probability of conducting solo research. In none of the models does gender explain the variability of the individual solo publishing rate. The strongest predictor of individual solo publishing rate is the average team size, publishing in STEM fields negatively affects the rate, publishing in male-dominated disciplines positively affects it, and the influence of international collaboration is negative. The gender solo research gap in Poland is much weaker than expected: within a more general trend toward team research and international research, gender differences in solo research are much weaker and less relevant than initially assumed. We use our unique biographical, administrative, publication, and citation database ('Polish Science Observatory') with metadata on all Polish scientists present in Scopus (N=25,463) and their 158,743 Scopus-indexed articles published in 2009-2018, including 18,900 solo articles.

翻译：在独立研究中，科学家个体竞争声誉，清晰传递自身研究能力信号，避免科研贡献分配问题，并减少作者署名冲突。我们从多个维度考察男女科学家在独立发表方面存在的差异。本研究首次系统性地分析了一个国家高等教育体系内所有国际可见科学家的"性别独立研究差距"。通过为每位波兰大学教授构建的"个人发表档案"，我们探讨该差距。我们采用实际显著性/统计显著性差异（基于效应量r系数），分析表明：尽管某些性别差异具有统计显著性，但缺乏实际意义。使用分数逻辑回归的部分效应方法，我们估算了开展独立研究的概率。在全部模型中，性别均无法解释个人独立发表率的变异。预测个人独立发表率的最强变量是平均团队规模——STEM领域发表会降低该比率，男性主导学科发表则提高该比率，而国际合作的影响为负向。波兰的性别独立研究差距远弱于预期：在团队研究与国际化研究的总体趋势下，性别差异在独立研究中的表现比初始假设更弱、更不显著。本研究使用了独特的传记、行政、发表和引文数据库（"波兰科学观测站"），包含Scopus收录的全部波兰科学家元数据（N=25,463人）及其2009-2018年间发表的158,743篇Scopus索引论文，其中包括18,900篇独立研究论文。