Amphibious robots, operating seamlessly across land and water, are advancing applications in conservation, disaster response, and defense. Their performance depends on locomotion mechanisms, actuation technologies, and sensor-control integration. This review highlights recent progress in these areas, examining movement strategies, material-based actuators, and control systems for autonomy and adaptability. Challenges and opportunities are outlined to guide future research toward more efficient, resilient, and multifunctional amphibious robots.

翻译：两栖机器人能够在陆地与水域环境中无缝切换运行，正推动着环境保护、灾害响应和国防等领域的应用发展。其性能表现取决于运动机制、驱动技术以及传感控制系统的集成。本文综述了这些领域的最新进展，重点考察了运动策略、基于材料的驱动器以及面向自主性与适应性的控制系统。文中进一步指出了当前面临的挑战与未来机遇，以期为开发更高效、更具鲁棒性和多功能性的两栖机器人指明研究方向。