Ensuring fairness in decision-making systems within Human-Cyber-Physical-Systems (HCPS) is a pressing concern, particularly when diverse individuals, each with varying behaviors and expectations, coexist within the same application space, influenced by a shared set of control actions in the system. The long-term adverse effects of these actions further pose the challenge, as historical experiences and interactions shape individual perceptions of fairness. This paper addresses the challenge of fairness from an equity perspective of adverse effects, taking into account the dynamic nature of human behavior and evolving preferences while recognizing the lasting impact of adverse effects. We formally introduce the concept of Fairness-in-Adverse-Effects (FinA) within the HCPS context. We put forth a comprehensive set of five formulations for FinA, encompassing both the instantaneous and long-term aspects of adverse effects. To empirically validate the effectiveness of our FinA approach, we conducted an evaluation within the domain of smart homes, a pertinent HCPS application. The outcomes of our evaluation demonstrate that the adoption of FinA significantly enhances the overall perception of fairness among individuals, yielding an average improvement of 66.7% when compared to the state-of-the-art method.

翻译：确保人-信息-物理系统（HCPS）中决策系统的公平性是一个紧迫问题，尤其当具有不同行为和期望的多元个体在同一应用空间中共存，并受到系统中共享控制行动集的影响时。这些行动的长期负面效应进一步带来了挑战，因为历史经验和互动塑造了个体对公平的感知。本文从负面效应公平性的角度解决公平挑战，考虑人类行为的动态性和偏好的演变，同时承认负面效应的持久影响。我们正式提出了HCPS背景下“负面效应公平性（FinA）”的概念。我们提出了五组FinA公式，涵盖了负面效应的瞬时和长期方面。为了实证验证FinA方法的有效性，我们在智能家居领域（一个相关的HCPS应用）进行了评估。评估结果表明，采用FinA显著提升了个体对公平性的整体感知，与最先进方法相比，平均改善了66.7%。