Web cookies have been the subject of many research studies over the last few years. However, most existing research does not consider multiple crucial perspectives that can influence the cookie landscape, such as the client's location, the impact of cookie banner interaction, and from which operating system a website is being visited. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive measurement study to analyze the cookie landscape for Tranco top-10k websites from different geographic locations and analyze multiple different perspectives. One important factor which influences cookies is the use of cookie banners. We develop a tool, BannerClick, to automatically detect, accept, and reject cookie banners with an accuracy of 99%, 97%, and 87%, respectively. We find banners to be 56% more prevalent when visiting websites from within the EU region. Moreover, we analyze the effect of banner interaction on different types of cookies (i.e., first-party, third-party, and tracking). For instance, we observe that websites send, on average, 5.5x more third-party cookies after clicking ``accept'', underlining that it is critical to interact with banners when performing Web measurements. Additionally, we analyze statistical consistency, evaluate the widespread deployment of consent management platforms, compare landing to inner pages, and assess the impact of visiting a website on a desktop compared to a mobile phone. Our study highlights that all of these factors substantially impact the cookie landscape, and thus a multi-perspective approach should be taken when performing Web measurement studies.

翻译：近年来，网络Cookie已成为众多研究的主题。然而，现有研究大多未考虑影响Cookie格局的关键多重视角，例如用户所在位置、Cookie横幅交互的影响，以及访问网站所使用的操作系统。本文对Tranco排名前10,000的网站从不同地理位置开展了一项全面的测量研究，以分析Cookie格局并探讨多个不同视角。影响Cookie的重要因素之一是Cookie横幅的使用。我们开发了名为BannerClick的工具，能够自动检测、接受和拒绝Cookie横幅，其准确率分别达到99%、97%和87%。研究发现，从欧盟地区访问网站时，Cookie横幅的出现频率高出56%。此外，我们分析了横幅交互对不同类型Cookie（即第一方、第三方和跟踪Cookie）的影响。例如，观察到在点击“接受”后，网站平均发送的第三方Cookie数量增加5.5倍，这凸显了在进行网络测量时与横幅交互的关键性。我们还分析了统计一致性，评估了同意管理平台的广泛部署情况，比较了着陆页与内页的差异，并评估了通过桌面端与移动端访问网站的影响。我们的研究表明，所有这些因素均对Cookie格局产生显著影响，因此在开展网络测量研究时应采用多视角方法。