Cambodia's agricultural landscape is rapidly transforming, particularly in the cashew sector. Despite the country's rapid emergence and ambition to become the largest cashew producer, comprehensive data on plantation areas and the environmental impacts of this expansion are lacking. This study addresses the gap in detailed land use data for cashew plantations in Cambodia and assesses the implications of agricultural advancements. We collected over 80,000 training polygons across Cambodia to train a convolutional neural network using high-resolution optical and SAR satellite data for precise cashew plantation mapping. Our findings indicate that Cambodia ranks among the top five in terms of cultivated area and the top three in global cashew production, driven by high yields. Significant cultivated areas are located in Kampong Thom, Kratie, and Ratanak Kiri provinces. Balancing rapid agricultural expansion with environmental stewardship, particularly forest conservation, is crucial. Cambodia's cashew production is poised for further growth, driven by high-yielding trees and premium nuts. However, sustainable expansion requires integrating agricultural practices with economic and environmental strategies to enhance local value and protect forested areas. Advanced mapping technologies offer comprehensive tools to support these objectives and ensure the sustainable development of Cambodia's cashew industry.

翻译：柬埔寨的农业格局正在迅速转型，特别是在腰果产业领域。尽管该国迅速崛起并立志成为最大的腰果生产国，但关于种植面积及扩张环境影响的全面数据仍显匮乏。本研究填补了柬埔寨腰果种植园详细土地利用数据的空白，并评估了农业发展的影响。我们收集了柬埔寨境内超过80,000个训练多边形，利用高分辨率光学与合成孔径雷达卫星数据训练卷积神经网络，以实现精准的腰果种植园测绘。研究结果表明，在高产量的驱动下，柬埔寨的腰果种植面积位居全球前五，产量则位列全球前三。主要种植区位于磅同省、桔井省与腊塔纳基里省。在快速农业扩张与环境保护（尤其是森林保育）之间取得平衡至关重要。凭借高产果树与优质坚果，柬埔寨腰果产量有望持续增长。然而，可持续扩张需要将农业实践与经济及环境战略相结合，以提升本地价值并保护林区。先进的测绘技术为实现这些目标提供了全面工具，有助于保障柬埔寨腰果产业的可持续发展。