The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has led to its integration into various areas, especially with Large Language Models (LLMs) significantly enhancing capabilities in Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC). However, the complexity of AI systems has also exposed their vulnerabilities, necessitating robust methods for failure analysis (FA) and fault injection (FI) to ensure resilience and reliability. Despite the importance of these techniques, there lacks a comprehensive review of FA and FI methodologies in AI systems. This study fills this gap by presenting a detailed survey of existing FA and FI approaches across six layers of AI systems. We systematically analyze 160 papers and repositories to answer three research questions including (1) what are the prevalent failures in AI systems, (2) what types of faults can current FI tools simulate, (3) what gaps exist between the simulated faults and real-world failures. Our findings reveal a taxonomy of AI system failures, assess the capabilities of existing FI tools, and highlight discrepancies between real-world and simulated failures. Moreover, this survey contributes to the field by providing a framework for fault diagnosis, evaluating the state-of-the-art in FI, and identifying areas for improvement in FI techniques to enhance the resilience of AI systems.

翻译：人工智能（AI）的快速发展促使其被广泛应用于各个领域，尤其是大型语言模型（LLMs）显著提升了人工智能生成内容（AIGC）的能力。然而，AI系统的复杂性也暴露了其脆弱性，因此需要采用稳健的故障分析（FA）和故障注入（FI）方法来确保其韧性与可靠性。尽管这些技术至关重要，但目前尚缺乏对AI系统中FA与FI方法的全面综述。本研究填补了这一空白，对AI系统六个层面的现有FA与FI方法进行了详细综述。我们系统分析了160篇论文及代码库，以回答三个研究问题，包括：（1）AI系统中普遍存在哪些故障，（2）当前FI工具能够模拟何种类型的故障，（3）模拟故障与实际故障之间存在哪些差距。我们的研究结果揭示了AI系统故障的分类体系，评估了现有FI工具的能力，并指出了实际故障与模拟故障之间的差异。此外，本综述通过提供一个故障诊断框架、评估当前FI技术的最新进展，以及识别FI技术中需要改进的领域以增强AI系统的韧性，为该领域做出了贡献。