Smart grid advancements and the increased integration of digital devices have transformed the existing power grid into a cyber-physical energy system. This reshaping of the current power system can make it vulnerable to cyberattacks, which could cause irreversible damage to the energy infrastructure resulting in the loss of power, equipment damage, etc. Constant threats emphasize the importance of cybersecurity investigations. At the same time, developing cyber-physical system (CPS) simulation testbeds is crucial for vulnerability assessment and the implementation and validation of security solutions. In this paper, two separate real-time CPS testbeds are developed based on the availability of local research facilities for impact analysis of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks on microgrids. The two configurations are implemented using two different digital real-time simulator systems, one using the real-time digital simulator (RTDS) with a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) setup and the other one using OPAL-RT with ExataCPS to emulate the cyber-layer infrastructure. Both testbeds demonstrate the impact of DoS attacks on microgrid control and protection operation.

翻译：智能电网的发展和数字设备的增加已将现有电力网络转变为一个网络物理能源系统，这种技术的应用使得现有的电力系统成为了网络攻击的目标。网络安全威胁强调了对该领域的研究和探索的重要性。与此同时，开发网络物理系统模拟测试平台对于漏洞评估、安全措施的实施与验证至关重要。本文在两个不同的实时网络物理系统测试平台上开展了针对微电网服务拒绝攻击的影响分析。两个不同的配置基于两个不同的数字实时模拟器系统实现，一个是基于硬件在环实现的实时数字模拟器(RTDS)，另一个则是使用OPAL-RT与EmataCPS来模拟网络层基础架构。两个测试平台均表明，微电网服务拒绝攻击会对微电网控制和保护操作产生影响。