Smart grid advancements and the increased integration of digital devices have transformed the existing power grid into a cyber-physical energy system. This reshaping of the current power system can make it vulnerable to cyberattacks, which could cause irreversible damage to the energy infrastructure resulting in the loss of power, equipment damage, etc. Constant threats emphasize the importance of cybersecurity investigations. At the same time, developing cyber-physical system (CPS) simulation testbeds is crucial for vulnerability assessment and the implementation and validation of security solutions. In this paper, two separate real-time CPS testbeds are developed based on the availability of local research facilities for impact analysis of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks on microgrids. The two configurations are implemented using two different digital real-time simulator systems, one using the real-time digital simulator (RTDS) with a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) setup and the other one using OPAL-RT with ExataCPS to emulate the cyber-layer infrastructure. Both testbeds demonstrate the impact of DoS attacks on microgrid control and protection operation.

翻译：智能电网的进步和数字设备日益集成已将现有电网转变为信息物理能源系统。当前电力系统的这一重构使其易受网络攻击，此类攻击可能导致能源基础设施不可逆转的损坏，造成断电、设备损毁等后果。持续的威胁凸显了网络安全研究的重要性。与此同时，开发信息物理系统（CPS）仿真试验台对于脆弱性评估以及安全解决方案的实施与验证至关重要。本文基于本地研究设施的可用性，开发了两个独立的实时CPS试验台，用于分析拒绝服务（DoS）攻击对微电网的影响。两种配置采用不同的数字实时仿真器系统实现：一种基于实时数字仿真器（RTDS），配备硬件在环（HIL）设置；另一种采用OPAL-RT与ExataCPS协同，以模拟网络层基础设施。两个试验台均展示了DoS攻击对微电网控制与保护运行的影响。