Misdirection can be defined as the intentional action of causing some misrepresentation in an agent, or in a group of agents. Those misrepresentations may result from verbal actions, as in linguistic deception, or from visual actions, as in visual misdirection. Examples of visual misdirection abound (e.g. in nature, in the military), with magic tricks providing a vivid illustration. So far, various types of verbal misdirection have been investigated from a formal perspective (e.g. lying, bluffing) but little attention has been paid to the particular case of visual misdirection. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic epistemic logic to represent not only verbal misdirection on agents' beliefs but also visual misdirection on agents' observations. We illustrate the dynamics of the logic by modelling a classic magic trick known as the French Drop. We also provide a sound and complete axiom system for the logic, and discuss the strengths of the setting in terms of expressivity and scope.

翻译：误导可被定义为故意导致某个或某组智能体产生某种错误表征的行为。这些错误表征可能源于言语行为（如语言欺骗），也可能源于视觉行为（如视觉误导）。视觉误导的例子比比皆是（例如自然界、军事领域），魔术表演则提供了生动的例证。目前，各类言语误导（如说谎、虚张声势）已从形式化角度得到研究，但视觉误导这一特定案例尚未获得充分关注。本文提出一种动态认知逻辑，不仅能表征对智能体信念的言语误导，还能表征对智能体观察的视觉误导。我们通过建模名为"法式落币"的经典魔术来阐释该逻辑的动态性。此外，我们为该逻辑提供了可靠且完备的公理体系，并讨论了该框架在表达力和适用范围上的优势。