Foundation models have enormous potential in advancing Earth and climate sciences, however, current approaches may not be optimal as they focus on a few basic features of a desirable Earth and climate foundation model. Crafting the ideal Earth foundation model, we define eleven features which would allow such a foundation model to be beneficial for any geoscientific downstream application in an environmental- and human-centric manner.We further shed light on the way forward to achieve the ideal model and to evaluate Earth foundation models. What comes after foundation models? Energy efficient adaptation, adversarial defenses, and interpretability are among the emerging directions.

翻译：基础模型在推动地球与气候科学进步方面潜力巨大，然而，当前方法可能并非最优，因为其仅聚焦于理想地球与气候基础模型的少数基本特征。在构建理想地球基础模型的过程中，我们定义了十一个特征，这些特征能够使该基础模型以环境和人类为中心的方式，有益于任何地球科学下游应用。我们进一步阐明了实现理想模型及评估地球基础模型的前进方向。基础模型之后是什么？节能适应、对抗防御与可解释性等均为新兴方向。