The perception of flicker has been a prominent concern in illumination and electronic display fields for over a century. Traditional approaches often rely on Critical Flicker Frequency (CFF), primarily suited for high-contrast (full-on, full-off) flicker. To tackle varying contrast flicker, the International Committee for Display Metrology (ICDM) introduced a Temporal Contrast Sensitivity Function TCSF$_{IDMS}$ within the Information Display Measurements Standard (IDMS). Nevertheless, this standard overlooks crucial parameters: luminance, eccentricity, and area. Existing models incorporating these parameters are inadequate for flicker detection, especially at low spatial frequencies. To address these limitations, we extend the TCSF$_{IDMS}$ and combine it with a new spatial probability summation model to incorporate the effects of luminance, eccentricity, and area (elaTCSF). We train the elaTCSF on various flicker detection datasets and establish the first variable refresh rate flicker detection dataset for further verification. Additionally, we contribute to resolving a longstanding debate on whether the flicker is more visible in peripheral vision. We demonstrate how elaTCSF can be used to predict flicker due to low-persistence in VR headsets, identify flicker-free VRR operational ranges, and determine flicker sensitivity in lighting design.

翻译：闪烁感知在照明与电子显示领域已持续一个多世纪受到广泛关注。传统方法通常依赖临界闪烁频率，该方法主要适用于高对比度（全亮-全暗）闪烁。为应对不同对比度的闪烁，国际显示计量委员会在《信息显示测量标准》中提出了时间对比敏感度函数TCSF$_{IDMS}$。然而，该标准忽略了三个关键参数：亮度、偏心度与刺激面积。现有包含这些参数的模型在闪烁检测方面存在不足，尤其在低空间频率条件下。为突破这些局限，我们扩展了TCSF$_{IDMS}$，并结合新的空间概率求和模型，构建了融合亮度、偏心度与面积效应的elaTCSF模型。我们在多个闪烁检测数据集上训练elaTCSF，并建立了首个可变刷新率闪烁检测数据集用于进一步验证。此外，本研究为"周边视觉是否更易感知闪烁"这一长期争议提供了新的见解。我们展示了elaTCSF如何用于预测VR头显中低余晖效应引起的闪烁、确定无闪烁的可变刷新率操作区间，以及在照明设计中评估闪烁敏感度。