In this study, the global scientific workforce is explored through large-scale, generational, cross-sectional, and longitudinal approaches. We examine 4.3 million nonoccasional scientists from 38 OECD countries publishing in 1990-2021. Our interest is in the changing distribution of young male and female scientists over time across 16 STEMM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics, medicine) disciplines. We unpack the details of the changing scientific workforce using age groups. Some disciplines are already numerically dominated by women, and the change is fast in some and slow in other disciplines. In one-third of disciplines, there are already more youngest female than male scientists. Across all disciplines combined, the majority of women are young women. And more than half of women scientists (55.02%) are located in medicine. The usefulness of global bibliometric data sources in analyzing the scientific workforce along gender, age, discipline, and time is tested. Traditional aggregated data about scientists in general hide a nuanced picture of the changing gender dynamics within and across disciplines and age groups. The limitations of bibliometric datasets are explored, and global studies are compared with national-level studies. The methodological choices and their implications are shown, and new opportunities for how to study scientists globally are discussed.

翻译：本研究通过大规模、跨代际、横截面及纵向分析等多元方法，对全球科研人员队伍展开系统考察。我们聚焦1990-2021年间38个OECD国家中430万非偶发性科学家的科研产出，重点探究STEMM（科学、技术、工程、数学、医学）16个学科领域内年轻男性与女性科学家性别分布的历时性变化。通过年龄组分层揭示科研人员结构变迁的微观特征：部分学科中女性科研人员已在数量上占据优势，但学科间的变革速率存在显著差异；在三分之一的学科中，最年轻一代女性科学家数量已超越男性同行。从整体学科分布来看，多数女性科学家处于青年阶段，而超过半数（55.02%）的女性科学家集中于医学领域。本研究验证了全球文献计量数据源在性别、年龄、学科与时间维度交叉分析中的有效性，指出传统宏观统计数据掩盖了学科内与跨学科学龄组间性别动态演变的复杂图景。通过探讨文献计量数据集的固有局限，将全球尺度的研究范式与国家层面的实证分析进行系统比较，本文揭示了方法论选择及其分析效度的影响，并为全球科学家群体研究开辟了新的分析路径。