In this work, fundamental performance, power, and energy characteristics of the full SPEChpc 2021 benchmark suite are assessed on two different clusters based on Intel Ice Lake and Sapphire Rapids CPUs using the MPI-only codes' variants. We use memory bandwidth, data volume, and scalability metrics in order to categorize the benchmarks and pinpoint relevant performance and scalability bottlenecks on the node and cluster levels. Common patterns such as memory bandwidth limitation, dominating communication and synchronization overhead, MPI serialization, superlinear scaling, and alignment issues could be identified, in isolation or in combination, showing that SPEChpc 2021 is representative of many HPC workloads. Power dissipation and energy measurements indicate that the modern Intel server CPUs have such a high idle power level that race-to-idle is the paramount strategy for energy to solution and energy-delay product minimization. On the chip level, only memory-bound code shows a clear advantage of Sapphire Rapids compared to Ice Lake in terms of energy to solution.

翻译：本研究基于Intel Ice Lake和Sapphire Rapids CPU的两种集群，采用纯MPI代码变体，全面评估了SPEChpc 2021基准测试套件的核心性能、功耗与能耗特征。我们运用内存带宽、数据体积和可扩展性指标对基准测试进行分类，并精准定位节点级与集群级的相关性能瓶颈和可扩展性问题。内存带宽限制、通信与同步开销主导、MPI串行化、超线性扩展及对齐问题等常见模式被单独或组合识别，表明SPEChpc 2021能够有效代表众多高性能计算工作负载。功耗与能耗测量结果表明，现代Intel服务器CPU具有极高的空闲功耗水平，使得"竞速空转"成为优化求解能耗与能耗延迟积的首要策略。在芯片层级，仅在内存密集型代码中，Sapphire Rapids相较于Ice Lake在求解能耗方面展现出明显优势。