The accelerating decarbonization of energy systems has transformed electrical power systems into complex infrastructures exposed to threats whose interactions generate systemic vulnerabilities that conventional resilience approaches fail to capture. Although resilience assessment has expanded across multiple dimensions, existing studies largely examine them in isolation or adjacent pairs, leaving cross-dimensional couplings insufficiently explored. This study demonstrates i) that single-dimension assessments fail to capture the degradation produced by simultaneous cross-dimensional failures, ii) the nonlinear amplification emerging when physical, operational, and digital-cyber dimensions are jointly compromised, and iii) the intensification imposed by climatic and economic-regulatory stressors. To this end, we leverage a hybrid quantitative methodology. A PRISMA 2020 review with backward and forward snowballing identifies methodological gaps and unresolved dependencies across five resilience dimensions: physical, operational, digital-cyber, climatic-external, and economic-regulatory. Following this analysis, a Multidimensional Resilience Index (MDRI) is developed to capture endogenous couplings and exogenous amplification effects and is validated under escalating cyber-physical attack scenarios inspired by the December 2025 attack on Polish energy infrastructure. Results show that degradation under cascading and simultaneous failures is nearly eight times greater than under isolated stress, while exogenous conditions amplify degradation by an additional factor approaching six, with 72% of this amplification driven by exogenous stressors. Combined, these mechanisms produce a 46-fold increase in resilience loss compared to a single-vector reference.

翻译：能源系统的加速脱碳已将电力系统转变为暴露于多种威胁下的复杂基础设施，这些威胁间的相互作用产生的系统性脆弱性超出传统韧性方法的应对能力。尽管韧性评估已扩展至多个维度，现有研究大多孤立或仅以邻近维度对展开分析，尚未充分探讨跨维度耦合效应。本研究证明：(i) 单一维度评估无法捕捉跨维度同步失效导致的性能退化；(ii) 当物理、运行与数字-网络维度同时受损时，将产生非线性放大效应；(iii) 气候与经济-监管压力因素进一步加剧了这种效应。为此，我们采用混合定量方法。基于PRISMA 2020框架进行系统综述，结合前向与后向滚雪球法，识别出物理、运行、数字-网络、气候-外部及经济-监管五个韧性维度中的方法论空白与未解依赖关系。在此基础上，开发了多维韧性指数以捕捉内生耦合与外生放大效应，并在以2025年12月波兰能源基础设施网络-物理攻击为背景的升级攻击场景下完成验证。结果表明，级联与同步失效条件下的性能退化程度约为孤立应力条件下的八倍，而外生条件使退化程度进一步放大近六倍，其中72%的放大效应由外生压力源驱动。综合而言，这些机制导致的韧性损失较单向量基准增加了46倍。