This is a speculative essay on interface design and artificial intelligence. Recently there has been a surge of attention to chatbots based on large language models, including widely reported unsavory interactions. We contend that part of the problem is that text is not all you need: sophisticated AI systems should have dashboards, just like all other complicated devices. Assuming the hypothesis that AI systems based on neural networks will contain interpretable models of aspects of the world around them, we discuss what data such dashboards might display. We conjecture that, for many systems, the two most important models will be of the user and of the system itself. We call these the System Model and User Model. We argue that, for usability and safety, interfaces to dialogue-based AI systems should have a parallel display based on the state of the System Model and the User Model. Finding ways to identify, interpret, and display these two models should be a core part of interface research for AI.

翻译：这是一篇关于界面设计与人工智能的思辨性论文。近期，基于大语言模型的聊天机器人引发了广泛关注，其中不乏被大量报道的不良人机交互。我们认为，问题的部分原因在于文本并非唯一所需：复杂的人工智能系统应当像其他所有复杂设备一样配备仪表盘。基于神经网络的人工智能系统将包含对周围世界各个方面的可解释模型这一假设，我们探讨了此类仪表盘可能显示的数据类型。我们推测，对许多系统而言，最重要的两个模型将分别关于用户和系统本身，并将其称为系统模型与用户模型。我们认为，为了提升可用性和安全性，基于对话的人工智能系统界面应当根据系统模型与用户模型的状态设置并行显示。寻找识别、解释并展示这两个模型的方法，应当成为人工智能界面研究的核心内容。