In this study, the global scientific workforce is explored through large-scale, generational, cross-sectional, and longitudinal approaches. We examine 4.3 million nonoccasional scientists from 38 OECD countries publishing in 1990-2021. Our interest is in the changing distribution of young male and female scientists over time across 16 STEMM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics, medicine) disciplines. We unpack the details of the changing scientific workforce using age groups. Some disciplines are already numerically dominated by women, and the change is fast in some and slow in other disciplines. In one-third of disciplines, there are already more youngest female than male scientists. Across all disciplines combined, the majority of women are young women. And more than half of women scientists (55.02%) are located in medicine. The usefulness of global bibliometric data sources in analyzing the scientific workforce along gender, age, discipline, and time is tested. Traditional aggregated data about scientists in general hide a nuanced picture of the changing gender dynamics within and across disciplines and age groups. The limitations of bibliometric datasets are explored, and global studies are compared with national-level studies. The methodological choices and their implications are shown, and new opportunities for how to study scientists globally are discussed.

翻译：本研究采用大规模、跨代际、横截面与纵向相结合的方法，深入剖析全球科研队伍演变趋势。基于1990-2021年间来自38个OECD国家的430万名非偶发性科学家数据，我们聚焦16个STEMM（科学、技术、工程、数学、医学）学科中青年男女科学家分布格局的时序变迁。通过年龄分层分析，系统揭示了科研队伍结构变化的细节特征：部分学科已呈现女性数量优势，且学科间变革速度存在显著差异；在三分之一的学科中，最年轻年龄段的女性科学家数量已超越男性。从学科综合来看，女性科研人员以青年群体为主，其中超过半数（55.02%）集中于医学领域。本研究检验了全球文献计量数据源在性别、年龄、学科与时间维度上分析科研队伍的有效性，指出传统聚合式科学家数据掩盖了学科内部及跨学科间性别动态的复杂图景。通过探讨文献计量数据集的局限性、开展全球研究与国家层面研究的比较分析，本研究展示了方法论选择及其深层影响，并为全球科学家研究开辟了新的探索路径。