Large generative AI models (LGAIMs), such as ChatGPT or Stable Diffusion, are rapidly transforming the way we communicate, illustrate, and create. However, AI regulation, in the EU and beyond, has primarily focused on conventional AI models, not LGAIMs. This paper will situate these new generative models in the current debate on trustworthy AI regulation, and ask how the law can be tailored to their capabilities. After laying technical foundations, the legal part of the paper proceeds in four steps, covering (1) direct regulation, (2) data protection, (3) content moderation, and (4) policy proposals. It suggests a novel terminology to capture the AI value chain in LGAIM settings by differentiating between LGAIM developers, deployers, professional and non-professional users, as well as recipients of LGAIM output. We tailor regulatory duties to these different actors along the value chain and suggest four strategies to ensure that LGAIMs are trustworthy and deployed for the benefit of society at large. Rules in the AI Act and other direct regulation must match the specificities of pre-trained models. In particular, regulation should focus on concrete high-risk applications, and not the pre-trained model itself, and should include (i) obligations regarding transparency and (ii) risk management. Non-discrimination provisions (iii) may, however, apply to LGAIM developers. Lastly, (iv) the core of the DSA content moderation rules should be expanded to cover LGAIMs. This includes notice and action mechanisms, and trusted flaggers. In all areas, regulators and lawmakers need to act fast to keep track with the dynamics of ChatGPT et al.

翻译：大型生成式人工智能模型（如ChatGPT或Stable Diffusion）正在迅速改变我们沟通、描绘和创作的方式。然而，欧盟及其他地区的人工智能监管主要聚焦于传统AI模型，而非大型生成式AI模型。本文将把这些新型生成式模型纳入当前可信AI监管的讨论中，并探讨法律如何根据其能力进行定制化调整。在阐述技术基础后，本文的法律部分分四步展开，涵盖（1）直接监管、（2）数据保护、（3）内容审核及（4）政策建议。本文提出一套新术语，通过区分大型生成式AI模型开发者、部署者、专业与非专业用户以及模型输出接收者，来捕捉大型生成式AI模型场景下的AI价值链。我们针对价值链上的不同参与者量身定制监管责任，并提出四项策略，以确保大型生成式AI模型可信赖且为社会整体利益进行部署。《人工智能法案》及其他直接监管规则必须与预训练模型的特性相匹配。特别是，监管应聚焦于具体的高风险应用，而非预训练模型本身，并应包含（i）透明度义务和（ii）风险管理。然而，反歧视条款（iii）可能适用于大型生成式AI模型开发者。最后，（iv）《数字服务法案》内容审核规则的核心应扩展至覆盖大型生成式AI模型，包括通知与行动机制以及可信举报者制度。在所有领域中，监管机构和立法者需迅速行动，以跟上ChatGPT等模型的动态发展。