Science is driven by community endeavors across diverse fields and specializations, forming a complex structure that renders conventional performance evaluation methods inadequate. Using established indicators, the network-based normalized citation score, and the disruptive index, combined with the GENEPY algorithm, we evaluate the complexity rank of countries based on their breakthrough performance across 89 subfields of physical sciences, drawing on nearly 60 million articles (1900-2023). This quality-focused integrated approach reveals pronounced asymmetries: while countries such as the United States, Israel, and several in Europe sustain long-term structural advantages, emerging nations show rapid gains in later decades. A power-law relationship between aggregated breakthrough performance and countries' R&D expenditure underscores the unequal and scale-dependent nature of global science. These results demonstrate that scientific advancement arises not from uniform growth but from asymmetric complexity, offering actionable insights for policymakers and funding agencies aiming to foster sustainable, high-quality research ecosystems.

翻译：科学进步由跨学科与专业领域的集体努力驱动，形成了一种使传统绩效评估方法失效的复杂结构。本研究基于近六千万篇文献（1900-2023年），运用网络化归一化引用分数与颠覆性指数等成熟指标，结合GENEPY算法，通过各国在物理科学89个子领域的突破性表现评估其复杂性排序。这种以质量为核心的综合分析方法揭示了显著的不对称性：美国、以色列及部分欧洲国家保持长期结构性优势的同时，新兴国家在近几十年实现快速追赶。国家突破性表现总量与研发投入之间的幂律关系，印证了全球科学发展不均衡且依赖规模的特征。这些结果表明，科学进步并非源于均衡增长，而是来自非对称的复杂性演化，为旨在培育可持续高质量研究生态系统的政策制定者与资助机构提供了可操作的见解。