Participatory Design -- an iterative, flexible design process that uses the close involvement of stakeholders, most often end users -- is growing in use across design disciplines. As an increasing number of practitioners turn to Participatory Design (PD), it has become less rigidly defined, with stakeholders engaged to varying degrees through the use of disjointed techniques. This ambiguous understanding can be counterproductive when discussing PD processes. Our findings synthesize key decisions and approaches from design peers that can support others in engaging in PD practice. We investigated how scholars report the use of Participatory Design in the field through a systematic literature review. We found that a majority of PD literature examined specific case studies of PD (53 of 88 articles), with the design of intangible systems representing the most common design context (61 of 88 articles). Stakeholders most often participated throughout multiple stages of a design process (65 of 88 articles), recruited in a variety of ways and engaged in several of the 14 specific participatory techniques identified. This systematic review provides today's practitioners synthesized learnings from past Participatory Design processes to inform and improve future use of PD, attempting to remedy inequitable design by engaging directly with stakeholders and users.

翻译：参与式设计——一种通过利益相关者（最常见的是最终用户）密切参与而进行的迭代、灵活的设计过程——正在各设计领域中得到日益广泛的应用。随着越来越多的从业者转向参与式设计，其定义变得不再严格，利益相关者通过使用零散的技术以不同程度的参与度介入设计过程。这种模糊的理解在讨论PD流程时可能适得其反。我们的研究综合了设计同行在开展PD实践中的关键决策与方法，可为其他从业者提供支持。我们通过系统文献综述，探究了学者们如何在实践中报告参与式设计的应用。研究发现，大多数PD文献（88篇中的53篇）考察的是具体的PD案例研究，其中无形系统的设计是最常见的设计情境（88篇中的61篇）。利益相关者最常参与设计过程的多个阶段（88篇中的65篇），他们通过多种方式招募，并参与了所确定的14种具体参与式技术中的若干种。本系统综述为当今从业者提供了对过往参与式设计过程的综合认知，旨在通过直接与利益相关者和用户互动，为未来PD的改进与应用提供参考，从而尝试纠正设计中的不平等现象。