Sharding is essential for improving blockchain scalability. Existing protocols overlook diverse adversarial attacks, limiting transaction throughput. This paper presents Reticulum, a groundbreaking sharding protocol addressing this issue, boosting blockchain scalability. Reticulum employs a two-phase approach, adapting transaction throughput based on runtime adversarial attacks. It comprises "control" and "process" shards in two layers. Process shards contain at least one trustworthy node, while control shards have a majority of trusted nodes. In the first phase, transactions are written to blocks and voted on by nodes in process shards. Unanimously accepted blocks are confirmed. In the second phase, blocks without unanimous acceptance are voted on by control shards. Blocks are accepted if the majority votes in favor, eliminating first-phase opponents and silent voters. Reticulum uses unanimous voting in the first phase, involving fewer nodes, enabling more parallel process shards. Control shards finalize decisions and resolve disputes. Experiments confirm Reticulum's innovative design, providing high transaction throughput and robustness against various network attacks, outperforming existing sharding protocols for blockchain networks.

翻译：分片技术是提升区块链可扩展性的关键手段。现有协议忽视多样化的对抗性攻击，导致交易吞吐量受限。本文提出Reticulum，一种突破性的分片协议，通过应对这一挑战显著提升区块链可扩展性。Reticulum采用两阶段方法，根据运行时的对抗性攻击动态调整交易吞吐量。该协议由两层结构组成，包含"控制分片"与"处理分片"。处理分片至少包含一个可信节点，而控制分片则拥有多数可信节点。第一阶段，交易被写入区块并由处理分片节点投票，全票通过的区块直接确认。第二阶段，未获全票通过的区块提交至控制分片进行投票。若多数投票支持，则接受该区块，同时否决第一阶段中的反对者与沉默投票者。Reticulum在第一阶段采用全票制，涉及节点数量较少，从而支持更多并行处理分片。控制分片负责最终决策与争议解决。实验证实Reticulum的设计创新性，其在高交易吞吐量与抵御各类网络攻击的鲁棒性方面均优于现有区块链分片协议。