The identity of a speaker significantly influences spoken language comprehension by affecting both perception and expectation. This review explores speaker effects, focusing on how speaker information impacts language processing. We propose an integrative model featuring the interplay between bottom-up perception-based processes driven by acoustic details and top-down expectation-based processes driven by a speaker model. The acoustic details influence lower-level perception, while the speaker model modulates both lower-level and higher-level processes such as meaning interpretation and pragmatic inferences. We define speaker-idiosyncrasy and speaker-demographics effects and demonstrate how bottom-up and top-down processes interact at various levels in different scenarios. This framework contributes to psycholinguistic theory by offering a comprehensive account of how speaker information interacts with linguistic content to shape message construction. We suggest that speaker effects can serve as indices of a language learner's proficiency and an individual's characteristics of social cognition. We encourage future research to extend these findings to AI speakers, probing the universality of speaker effects across humans and artificial agents.

翻译：说话者身份通过影响感知和预期，显著作用于口语理解过程。本文综述了说话者效应，重点关注说话者信息如何影响语言加工。我们提出了一个整合模型，该模型描述了由声学细节驱动的自下而上感知加工与由说话者模型驱动的自上而下预期加工之间的交互作用。声学细节影响较低层级的感知，而说话者模型则调节较低层级和较高层级的加工过程，如意义解读和语用推理。我们界定了说话者个体特质效应和说话者人口统计学效应，并阐述了在不同情境中自下而上与自上而下的加工过程如何在各个层级相互作用。该框架为心理语言学理论做出了贡献，它全面解释了说话者信息如何与语言内容相互作用以塑造信息构建。我们认为，说话者效应可以作为衡量语言学习者熟练程度以及个体社会认知特征的指标。我们鼓励未来研究将这些发现拓展至AI说话者，探究说话者效应在人类与人工智能体之间的普适性。