This paper presents a secure and versatile sampling-based verification protocol, Proof of Sampling (PoSP) protocol, suitable for a wide range of decentralized applications. Our protocol has a pure strategy Nash Equilibrium, which compels rational participants to act honestly, thus fortifying the network's integrity. This design effectively eliminates the possibility of free-riding, achieving this with manageable computational overhead. When applied to decentralized inference for AI applications, we design spML based on PoSP protocol, which ingeniously amalgamates the strengths of optimistic fraud proof and zero knowledge proof based approaches, the foremost approaches in the domain at present. Within the realm of Layer 2 solutions, our protocol sp-rollups addresses the security vulnerabilities of current optimistic rollups, which include a risk of undetected fraud due to reliance on mixed strategy equilibria, all the while keeping the computational overhead within reasonable bounds. Moreover, the PoSP protocol can be effectively utilized for designing verification mechanisms within Actively Validated Services (AVS) in EigenLayer, further broadening its applicability. This innovative approach not only enhances the security and efficiency of decentralized systems but also paves the way for a new generation of scalable and reliable decentralized applications.

翻译：本文提出一种安全且通用的基于采样的验证协议——采样证明（PoSP）协议，适用于广泛的去中心化应用场景。该协议具有纯策略纳什均衡特性，能够迫使理性参与者选择诚实行为，从而增强网络完整性。该设计有效消除了搭便车行为的可能性，并仅需可控的计算开销。当应用于人工智能领域的去中心化推理时，我们基于PoSP协议设计了spML方案，该方案巧妙融合了当前领域最前沿的乐观欺诈证明与零知识证明两种方法的优势。在Layer 2解决方案领域，我们的sp-rollups协议解决了当前乐观汇总协议的安全漏洞——包括因依赖混合策略均衡而存在的未被检测欺诈风险，同时将计算开销维持在合理范围内。此外，PoSP协议还可有效用于EigenLayer中主动验证服务（AVS）的验证机制设计，进一步拓展其适用性。这种创新方法不仅增强了去中心化系统的安全性与效率，更为新一代可扩展、可信赖的去中心化应用开辟了道路。