Virtual Reality (VR) creates a highly realistic and controllable simulation environment that can manipulate users' sense of space and time. While the sensation of "losing track of time" is often associated with enjoyable experiences, the link between time perception and user experience in VR and its underlying mechanisms remains largely unexplored. This study investigates how different zeitgebers-light color, music tempo, and task factor-influence time perception. We introduced the Relative Subjective Time Change (RSTC) method to explore the relationship between time perception and user experience. Additionally, we applied a data-driven approach called the Time Perception Modeling Network (TPM-Net), which integrates Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Transformer architectures to model time perception based on multimodal physiological and zeitgebers data. With 56 participants in a between-subject experiment, our results show that task factors significantly influence time perception, with red light and slow-tempo music further contributing to time underestimation. The RSTC method reveals that underestimating time in VR is strongly associated with improved user experience, presence, and engagement. Furthermore, TPM-Net shows potential for modeling time perception in VR, enabling inference of relative changes in users' time perception and corresponding changes in user experience. This study provides insights into the relationship between time perception and user experience in VR, with applications in VR-based therapy and specialized training.

翻译：虚拟现实（VR）能够创建高度真实且可控的模拟环境，从而操纵用户的空间感和时间感。尽管“忘记时间流逝”的感觉常与愉悦体验相关联，但VR中时间感知与用户体验之间的联系及其内在机制在很大程度上仍未得到充分探索。本研究探究了不同时间线索——光色、音乐节奏与任务因素——如何影响时间感知。我们引入了相对主观时间变化（RSTC）方法来探索时间感知与用户体验之间的关系。此外，我们采用了一种称为时间感知建模网络（TPM-Net）的数据驱动方法，该方法融合了卷积神经网络（CNN）和Transformer架构，基于多模态生理数据与时间线索数据对时间感知进行建模。通过一项涉及56名参与者的组间实验，我们的结果表明任务因素显著影响时间感知，其中红光和慢节奏音乐进一步加剧了时间低估。RSTC方法揭示，在VR中低估时间与改善的用户体验、临场感和参与度密切相关。此外，TPM-Net显示出在VR中建模时间感知的潜力，能够推断用户时间感知的相对变化以及相应的用户体验变化。本研究为理解VR中时间感知与用户体验的关系提供了见解，在基于VR的治疗和专项训练中具有应用价值。