LoRa technology has garnered significant interest in the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) field in recent years due to its ability to operate at low power while maintaining effective communication. Despite gaining attention, LoRa technology faces challenges in effectively facilitating communication in rural settings due to specific transmission and reception conditions. This research paper provides an in-depth analysis of using a LoRa mesh network that accesses the performance of different LoRa configurations by varying parameters like Bandwidth (BW), Spreading Factor (SF), and Coding Rate (CR). Metrics, like the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Signal-Noise Ratio (SNR), and packet loss, are analyzed to check the optimal configurations for LoRa nodes, specifically in the context of rural areas of Nepal. Furthermore, the varying propagation loss concerning the change in physical layer parameters is also discussed. The experimental setup utilizes Arduino Uno and ESP 32 microcontroller boards with LoRa modules to build the transmitter and receiver nodes, which are paired with a self-constructed monopole antenna, showing superior gain compared to commercially available options. This paper also explores the potential of integrating the acquired data with cloud platforms such as ThingSpeak. This integration establishes a strong backbone for the Internet of Things (IoT), which can gather and analyze remote data, providing the capacity for remote access to the data. This paper finally recommends specific values for the examined parameters for the specific case of a particular type of hilly and mountainous terrain in a country like Nepal, keeping in mind the unique trade-offs each one offers, thereby enabling optimal rural wireless communication.

翻译：近年来，LoRa技术因其能够在低功耗下保持有效通信的能力，在信息与通信技术（ICT）领域引起了广泛关注。尽管备受瞩目，但由于特定的传输和接收条件，LoRa技术在有效促进农村环境通信方面仍面临挑战。本研究论文深入分析了使用LoRa网状网络的情况，通过改变带宽（BW）、扩频因子（SF）和编码率（CR）等参数来评估不同LoRa配置的性能。通过分析接收信号强度指示器（RSSI）、信噪比（SNR）和丢包率等指标，以确定LoRa节点的最佳配置，特别是在尼泊尔农村地区的背景下。此外，还讨论了物理层参数变化所引起的不同传播损耗。实验设置采用Arduino Uno和ESP 32微控制器板配合LoRa模块构建发射和接收节点，并搭配自制的单极天线，该天线显示出优于市售选项的增益。本文还探讨了将获取的数据与ThingSpeak等云平台集成的潜力。这种集成为物联网（IoT）建立了强大的骨干网络，能够收集和分析远程数据，提供远程访问数据的能力。最后，本文针对尼泊尔这类国家中特定类型的丘陵和山区地形，在考虑到每个参数所提供的独特权衡后，为所研究的参数推荐了具体数值，从而实现最优的农村无线通信。