Fully Homomorphic Encryption~(FHE) is a key technology enabling privacy-preserving computing. However, the fundamental challenge of FHE is its inefficiency, due primarily to the underlying polynomial computations with high computation complexity and extremely time-consuming ciphertext maintenance operations. To tackle this challenge, various FHE accelerators have recently been proposed by both research and industrial communities. This paper takes the first initiative to conduct a systematic study on the 14 FHE accelerators -- cuHE/cuFHE, nuFHE, HEAT, HEAX, HEXL, HEXL-FPGA, 100$\times$, F1, CraterLake, BTS, ARK, Poseidon, FAB and TensorFHE. We first make our observations on the evolution trajectory of these existing FHE accelerators to establish a qualitative connection between them. Then, we perform testbed evaluations of representative open-source FHE accelerators to provide a quantitative comparison on them. Finally, with the insights learned from both qualitative and quantitative studies, we discuss potential directions to inform the future design and implementation for FHE accelerators.

翻译：完全基因加密~ (FHE) 是一项有助于保密计算的关键技术。 但是,FHE的基本挑战是效率低下,这主要是由于计算复杂程度高和非常费时的密码维护操作的根本性多元计算。为了应对这一挑战,研究和工业界最近提出了各种FHE加速器。本文首先提出对14个FHE加速器 -- -- cuCHE/cuFHE、nuFHE、HEAT、HEAX、HEXL、HEXL-FPGA、100美元/times$、F1、CraterLake、BTS、ARK、FASeidon、FAB和TensorFHE进行系统的系统研究。我们首先对这些现有FHE加速器的演变轨迹进行观察,以建立它们之间的质量联系。然后,我们对有代表性的开放源FHEA加速器进行试测,以提供它们的数量比较。最后,根据从定性和定量研究获得的见解,我们讨论未来设计和FHEHEA公司执行方向。</s>