Bike Sharing Systems (BSSs) play a crucial role in promoting sustainable urban mobility by facilitating short-range trips and connecting with other transport modes. Traditionally, most BSS fleets have consisted of mechanical bikes (m-bikes), but electric bikes (e-bikes) are being progressively introduced due to their ability to cover longer distances and appeal to a wider range of users. However, the charging requirements of e-bikes often hinder their deployment and optimal functioning. This study examines the spatiotemporal variations in battery levels of Barcelona's BSS, revealing that bikes stationed near the city centre tend to have shorter rest periods and lower average battery levels. Additionally, to improve the management of e-bike fleets, a Markov-chain approach is developed to predict both bike availability and battery levels. This research offers a unique perspective on the dynamics of e-bike battery levels and provides a practical tool to overcome the main operational challenges in their implementation.

翻译：共享单车系统通过促进短途出行并与其他交通方式衔接，在推动城市可持续交通方面发挥着关键作用。传统上，大多数共享单车车队由机械自行车组成，但电动自行车因其能够覆盖更长距离并吸引更广泛用户群体而逐步被引入。然而，电动自行车的充电需求常常阻碍其部署和优化运行。本研究分析了巴塞罗那共享单车系统电池电量的时空变化规律，发现停放在市中心附近的自行车往往具有更短的闲置时间和更低的平均电池电量。此外，为改进电动自行车车队管理，本研究开发了一种基于马尔可夫链的方法来预测自行车的可用性及电池电量。这项研究为理解电动自行车电池电量的动态特性提供了独特视角，并为克服其运营中的主要挑战提供了实用工具。